What Is Profile Plane in 3d Drawing

A three-dimensional object can be repre­sented in a single plane, such as on a sail of newspaper, using projecting lines and planes. All projection theory is based on 2 variables: line of sight (projecting lines) and plane of projection.

A line of sight (LOS) is an imaginary line between an observer'south eye and an object. A plane of projection (i.e., an prototype or picture plane) is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image is projected. The projection is produced past connecting the points where the lines of sight pierce the project plane. Equally a result, the 3D object is transformed into a 2D view.

If the distance from the observer to the object is infinite, then the projection lines are causeless to exist parallel, and the projection is called a parallel projection. Parallel project is orthographic if the plane of projection is placed between the observer and the object, and the plane is perpendicular to the parallel lines of sight.

Y'all can use parallel projection technique to create both multiview and pictorial (isometric and oblique) views.

1. In multiview orthographic projection (come across details below), the object surface and the projection aeroplane are parallel, and you tin can come across just 2 dimensions.
2. In isometric view (orthographic) the surface is no longer parallel to the projection plane, but the latter is perpendicular to the lines of sight, with iii dimensions beingness seen.
3. In oblique project (non-orthographic) the object surface and the projection plane are also parallel, simply the lines of sights are not perpendicular to the projection airplane, and you can see again three dimensions.

If the altitude from the observer to the object is finite, so the project lines are not parallel (since all lines of sight showtime at a unmarried bespeak), and the cartoon is classified as a perspective projection. In perspective view the object surface and project plane tin can be also parallel.

Multiview projection

By irresolute position of the object relative to the line of sight you can create different views of the same object. Drawing more than than one face of an object by rotating the object relative to your line of sight helps in understanding the 3D form. Having several views on i drawing you use the concept of multi-view projection, which is based on the orthographic (parallel) project technique where

• the plane of projection is positioned betwixt the observer and the object,

• the plane of project is perpendicular to the parallel lines of sight, and

• the object is oriented such that only ii of its dimensions are shown.

Main principles of creating multiview projections

The aeroplane of projection can be oriented to produce an infinite number of views of an object. However, the most common views are the six mutually perpendicular views that are produced past 6 mutually perpendicular planes of projection:

• Front view – the ane that shows almost features or characteristics.
• Left side view – shows what becomes the left side of the object later on establishing the front view position.
• Right side view – shows what becomes the right side of the object after establishing the front view position.
• Top view – shows what becomes the top of the object once the position of the front view is established.
• Bottom view – shows what becomes the bottom of the object one time the position of the front end view is established.
• Rear view – shows what becomes the rear of the object one time the position of the front view is established.

The near informative (descriptive) view of the object to exist represented is normally chosen equally the principal view (front view). This is view A related to the corresponding direction of viewing A and it usually shows the object in the functioning, manufacturing, or mounting position.

View positions on drawings and respective viewing directions

Positions of the other views relative to the principal view in the drawing depend on the projection method.

The number of views and sections must be limited to the minimum necessary to fully stand for the object without ambiguity.

Unnecessary repetition of details must exist avoided.

Conventional view placement

Generally, three views of an object are enough, however, a drawing must incorporate as many views as necessary to illustrate the part, ordinarily at right angles to one some other.

Frontal plane of projection

In multiview projection, the object is viewed perpendicular to the main faces, so that only one face up of the object is depicted in each view. The frontal airplane of projection is the plane onto which the front end view of a multiview drawing is projected.

In the forepart view you tin can come across tiptop and width of the object, merely you cannot see its depth.

Horizontal aeroplane of projection

The superlative view is projected onto the horizontal airplane of projection, which is aeroplane suspended above and parallel to the top of the object.

The acme view of an object shows the width and depth dimensions.

Profile plane of projection

In multiview drawings, the right side view is the standard side view. The right side view is projected onto the right profile plane of projection, which is a plane that is parallel to the right side of the object. Notwithstanding, y'all can also utilize the left side view if it is more descriptive and informative. Moreover, when needed, y'all can include both side views into one drawing.

The side view of an object shows the depth and elevation dimensions.

The iii-view multiview drawing is the standard used in engineering science and technology, because oftentimes the other 3 common views are mirror images and do non add to the knowledge about the object.

The standard views used in a 3-view cartoon are the

• elevation,
• forepart, and
• right side views,

arranged as shown in the figure:

The width dimension is common to the front and top views. The height dimension is common to the forepart and side views. The depth dimension is common to the tiptop and side views.

For elementary parts one or two view drawings volition often exist enough. In ane-view drawings the third dimension may exist expressed by a note, or by descriptive words, symbols, or abbreviations, such as Ø, HEX, etc.

Square sections may be indicated past light crossed diagonal lines, as shown above, which applies whether the face up is parallel or inclined to the drawing airplane.

Another example of a one-view cartoon:

Additional views may be added if they improve visualization.

The views should also be called to avoid hidden feature lines whenever possible. That means that the nearly descriptive view should be shown.

Besides, yous should select the minimum number of views needed to completely describe an object. Eliminate views that are mirror images of other views.

Why multiview drawings technique is and so important?

To produce a new product, information technology is necessary to know its true dimensions, and true dimensions are not adequately represented in most pictorial drawings. For example, the photograph is a pictorial perspective prototype. All the same, every bit yous can encounter, the image distorts true distances, while the latter are essential for manufacturing and structure, and in this instance the case in question is the width of the road, not the electrical pole!

In mechanical engineering science perspective projections distort measurements.

Every bit you lot can see, the 2 width dimensions in the front view of the cake appear unlike in length in the perspective projection. In other words, equal distances do not announced equal on a perspective cartoon.

Thus, since engineering and engineering depend on exact size and shape descriptions for pattern, the best approach is to utilise the parallel project technique (orthographic project) to create multi-view drawings where each view shows only ii of the three dimensions (width, height, depth).

To summarize:

The reward of multiview drawings over pictorial drawings is that multiview drawings shows the true size and shape of the various features of the object, whereas pictorials distort truthful dimensions which are critical in manufacturing and structure.

1^st & three^rd angles (glass box)

What exactly you lot should identify on the correct side project?

Is information technology that we can come across from the left side, or from the right side of the object?

To reply these questions there are 2 unlike ways, based on two different principles

• First-Angle Projection
• Third-Angle Project.

Third angle is used in Canada and the United States. First angle is used in Europe.

In third angle orthographic projection the object may exist assumed to be enclosed in a drinking glass box.

Each view represents that which is seen when looking perpendicularly at each face up of the box.

The resulted views are identified by the names as shown.

The front, rear, and side views are sometimes called eleva tions, due east.g., forepart elevation. The top view may exist termed the plan.

If desired, the rear view may be shown both ways – at the extreme left or the farthermost right. When this is not practical to bear witness rear view at he extreme left or right due to the length of the part, particularly with panels and mounting plates, the rear view should non be projected up or down, as this would result in its existence shown upside down.

Instead, information technology should be fatigued as if projected sideways, but located in some other position, and should be clearly labelled REAR VIEW REMOVED.

In first bending orthographic projections the object is considered equally being rolled over to either side, so that the right side of the object is drawn to the left of the front superlative:

It is mandatory to bespeak the method of multiview project by including the advisable ISO (International Organization for Standardization) projection symbol – the truncated cone:

You should place this symbol in the lower correct-hand corner of the drawing in or side by side to the title block.

Axonometric projection

Information technology is 1 of the pictorial drawing pro­jections, which are useful for illustrative purposes, educational aids, installation and maintenance drawings, design sketches, and the like.

The Greek give-and-take axon means axis and metric means to measure. Axonometric projection is a parallel projection technique used to create a pictorial drawing of an object by rotating the object on an centrality relative to a plane of project.

Axonometric projections such as isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projections are ortho­graphic, in that the projection lines are all parallel, simply the angle of views is then chosen that three faces of a rectangular object would be shown in a unmarried view.

Axonometric drawings are classified by the angles between the lines comprising the axonometric axes. The axonometric axes are axes that run into to form the corner of the object that is nearest to the observer.

When all iii angles are unequal the cartoon is classified equally a trimetric. When 2 of the three angles are equal the cartoon is classified every bit a dimetric. When all three angles are equal the drawing is classified every bit a isometric.

Although there are an infinite number of positions that tin be used to create such a drawing but few of them are used.

Enlarged detail

To eliminate the crowding of details or dimensions, an enlarged removed view may be used.

• The enlarged view should be oriented in the same manner as the main view,
• the scale of enlargement must be shown, and
• both views should exist identified past i of the methods shown in the illustrations – with the leader line or with the circumvolve line. The circle enclosing the area on the chief view should be drawn with a thin line.

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Source: https://www.mcgill.ca/engineeringdesign/engineering-design-process/basics-graphics-communication/projections-and-views

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